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Marketiva Tutorial, Study Marketiva Step by step, Tutorial Forex Trading Step by Step

Introducing a business trading foreign currencies or better known as the Foreign Exchange (FOREX). Marketiva is a broker international, professional and legal in Switzerland, this company has been granted permission to the international no. IBC CAP.291 REG.NO. 646819th

Now through Marketiva you do not need to have more money with a large number of soon to be able to invest in foreign currency trading, but just 10 $, 50$, or up to 70 $ in accordance with the desire and financial ability of your course. Even more extreme is you can immediately make a continental trade without money, because once you're done registering you will be given prizes of U.S. $ 5 as the initial capital.
Not interesting ..? why do not you try it out now ..! all FREE
Investment program is not only suitable for the top, but it is suitable for middle to lower investor. Employees such as, small traders, even for students.

You Receive $5.00 FREE Money to Try Live Forex Trading Today.
Marketiva Start Trading Forex Today With as Little as $1 Dollar. If you ever thought about Forex Trading you will never find a better place to learn than right here at Marketiva plus they pay you $5.00 real money just to open your account and another $10.000 virtual money to practice with.

Marketiva are a Swiss company based in Lausanne and have recently launched their Forex Trading Platform fully integrated with e-currencies. It is a state of the art platform with many advanced features but really user friendly for beginners with 24 hour live support via their onboard chat room.

So join marketiva , you got nothing to loose and lots to gain. Spend some time on the website and you just might surprise yourself by how much you learn and in six months or a year from now you could be trading for a living.

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Some Coupon you can use, the codes are the
following:

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6U3K64DQ4K, BZPB2IH62Q, K9HCTD0S96, U8GABP9K5B, 6DSB5K42DN, Y45SQQS09D,
CBO7STQ97U, BEEDD90U5F



STEP-STEP REGISTRATION To Join Marketiva

1.Marketiva Register to the site
Click the banner below to open the official site Marketiva

2. Click on the link "Open an Account" and then the registration form will appear

Fill out the registration form in accordance with the ID that you have

Description:

1. All marked * must be filled;
2. Username: select the name or call you a unique, because this will be used to berchatting Marketiva with the other members;
3. Password in the body of at least 8 characters, to combine with a number;
4. Frist Name: your first name;
5. Midle Initial: initial middle name if you have;
6. Last Name: your last name;
7. Street Address: fill in your address in accordance with ID;
8. City: your city name on the ID;
9. ZIP / Postal Code: Postal Code;
10. State: provinces that you tempati;
11. Country: Select Australia;
12. Phone: enter the house or no telp HP that is still active;
13. E-mail: fill in your email address is still active and there is often use, because each notification and confirmation will be sent to the E-mail address that you fill now;







After you have finished filling the form above, click "Continue". both form and conten




In the "User Template" there are two options, namely "Standard Forex Trader" and "Compact Forex Trader", that is the option to type memeilih Marketiva streamer software. Both the software is basically the same menu - menu just for the "Compact Forex Trader" is much more simple so that it does not take place on the windows.
you select one of the types of software mentioned above.



There are the coupons, where the function of this coupon can be as a discount card, member chat, and many more others. to get the coupon, you can obtain on this site

Coupons can be seen in the bottom of the main web page (see the main page bottom)

For while the "Recovery Question" and "Recovery Answer" please fill in your match that you remember and like, because this will be asked if you forgot your password Marketiva.
Click "Next" to go to the appointment and confirmation with Marketiva
On this page, is a procedural broker to the company's investors. It is a duty to notify the company's risk - the risk of trading in foreign currency so that the Investor does not feel aggrieved if there is a loss so great, and does not require the company because the company only as a facilitator pialan only

Stetment and then on the next, from the Investor that the Investor has its own understanding of all agreements made with Marketiva.

Click "Finish" as a symbol that you agree with the existing agreement. and then you will be direct to the "Get Streamer" to download the software from Marketiva

Click "Streamer TM instalation Package" after that please you install on your computer.

The registration process has been completed.

3.Identity Verivikasi Up

After the registration process is complete, then you have enjoined on to upload data for verivikasi the data you have provided earlier. it aims not to occur because of multiple accounts you can only create one account only. if you do not verivikasi then in a few days your account will be closed.
Data is a need in the Image ID, so you must first scan your ID and berformatkan JPEG.
Example:

1. Image ID: Scan your ID card at the berfoto;
2. Image Address: Scan the ID cards that have lamatnya (must be in accordance with the data)

as notes, scan data is to be colored and each file size of 100kb, so when you scan in the set to be 70 - 100 dpi only.

How verivikasi:

Click here to direct the process to verivikasi Marketiva

after you click the link above you will be asked usernama and password terebih first.
enter the username and password that you've made before, and then click "Login"

Or

Open your email and click on the link for the identification

or

You go with the first site to www.marketiva.com
and enter the Username and Password click the "Login"
click on "Service" on the top-right corner
click on "Identify Yourself" and upload your ID

upload ID: both boxes must be uploaded in the same ID even though ID

4. Running the Program Marketiva has been installed in
After Verivikasi Up finished ID can make trading, after the program is installed, do not do trading or run the program before the Verivikasi ID is made, because the registration must be repeated because at approximately your data is not valid.

Coupon Marketiva

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There are the coupons, where the function of this coupon can be as a discount card, member chat, and many more others. to get the coupon, you can obtain on this site :

Enter a coupon code below, if you can not just empty columns
(coupon code below can be used only once for a username so if the code fails pilh you, try to select the other empty or
Please try)

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0JQJ0M4Y0G, F6DD2QL4WD, GD7DPMRZBL, IZGF2TV4JJ, 2RBZDKPHAN, EFZUA0UO5G,
6U3K64DQ4K, BZPB2IH62Q, K9HCTD0S96, U8GABP9K5B, 6DSB5K42DN, Y45SQQS09D,
CBO7STQ97U, BEEDD90U5F



Great Action Selling on Wall Street, the Dow Jones trimmed down 419 pts

3 komentar

NEW YORK - Wall Street again hit by massive selling, triggered other concerns about a recession. This time the investor is worried about the health of European banks.

Concerns about the health of European banks have been eroded before the shares in the stock of Europe. It was triggered by Germany and France plan to be taxing financial transactions.

Investors worried about the ability of banks in Europe to face the crisis this time. Moreover, the Wall Street Journal reported the U.S. central bank is worried about the liquidity problems of banks in Europe, thereby directly trigger the selloff in European markets. Societe Generale shares immediately fell by 12%.

Negative economic data from U.S. regional manufacturing also contribute to a negative sentiment. The survey showed manufacturing activity in the Mid-Atlantic United States as the Central Bank of Philadelphia released showed a decrease during August to its lowest point since March 2009.

"Are we heading into recession? Most market participants are looking at a slow and steady growth, but the statistical and financial situation of the economy here and abroad had disrupted the view that," says Richard Weiss, an analyst at American Century Investments was quoted as saying by Reuters on Friday ( 19/08/2011).

In trading Thursday (18/08/2011), the Dow Jones industrial average closed up 419.63 points slump (3.68%) to a level of 10990.58. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 index also fell 53.24 points (4.46%) to a level of 1140.65 and Nasdaq slid 131.05 points (5.22%) to a level of 2380.43.

Thus, Wall Street again experienced a very volatile week, with the CBOE volatility index, or VIX Volatility Index rose to 38% to 43.56. Trade also runs very crowded with transactions on the New York Stock Exchange reached 11.4 billion shares.

Some stocks that triggered a large decline in the Dow Jones is a decrease in IBM stock which hinga slumped 4.5% to U.S. $ 163.83, United Technologies dropped 5.5% to U.S. $ 68.12. On Nasdaq, shares of Oracle fell by 8.3% to U.S. $ 2519. Hewlett-Packard Co. shares also fell by 6.1% after releasing its financial statements.

Banking sector stocks also fell, Bank of America shares fell by 6%, Citigroup dropped 6.3%.
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Observer: Moody's likely to follow the S & P "Moody's new warning only, not downgraded U.S. debt."

2 komentar

An international rating agency, Standard & Poor's (S & P) downgraded the debt the United States from AAA to AA +. Decrease the degree of debt one level it is a result of the turmoil related to the determination of a limit on debate of new debt between the U.S. government and congress.

According to Kahlil Rowter, market analyst from the University of Indonesia, other international agencies, Moody's has so far not downgrade U.S. debt. "Moody's new warning only, not downgraded the U.S.," said Kahlil told VIVAnews.com in Jakarta, Tuesday, August 9, 2011.

Because, he said, the two leading rating agencies are not always consistent. However, Kahlil said, likely in the near term, Moody's also downgraded the U.S. debt. "Not too much longer, whether the U.S. central government bonds and local government," he said.

Former managing director of PT Indonesia added that Rating Agency, the ranking of countries, S & P is more concerned on the market. Meanwhile, in order to rank the local government and private U.S. companies, most often noted Moody's.

Previously, Moody's warned of possible downgrades to U.S. government debt securities, if the measures planned to reduce the budget deficit was not 'credible'.

However, Moody's analyst Steven Hess, said that it was still set at the position of the U.S. debt rating of AAA, because cautious about the U.S. debt rating. Especially, after the government plans to reduce the deficit by injecting funds of U.S. $ 2.1 trillion to prop up the U.S. debt.

"However, it is not always enough to keep the rating on stable outlook," he said as reported chicagotribune page.

Moody's previously put the U.S. on a 'review to be downgraded' on July 13, before giving AAA ratings and affirmed ratings on Aug. 2. Especially, after the U.S. Congress passed the fiscal deficit-cutting plan and raise the borrowing limit. (Art)

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Wall Street surge, JCI Ready to tow

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Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI) closed yesterday fell by 155 points despite a rebound print amid thin trading session II. Investors still follow the spittle-regional exchanges which worsened after the U.S. downgrading.

In trading on Tuesday (08/09/2011), Jakarta Composite Index closed fell 155.147 points (3.00%) to a level of 3735.119. LQ 45 index closed down 21.432 points, collapsed (3.14%) to a level of 660,514.

Soaring Wall Street is expected to be positive sentiment that drives JCI into positive territory. Investors will resume buying stocks that have great discounted, thus making the JCI in trading Wednesday (08/10/2011) moves in the positive territory.

Last night Wall Street rose sharply responded to the Federal Reserve's decision to keep interest rates low extra in the next 2 years. Investors hoped the decision would make the economic recovery process runs on the right track.

In trading Tuesday (09/08/2011), the Dow Jones industrial average shot up 429.92 points closed (3.89%) to a level of 11239.77. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 shot 53.07 points (4.74%) to a level of 1172.53 and the Nasdaq jumped 124.83 points (5.29%) to a level of 2482.52.

Asian bourses gained directly participate. The movement of these regional exchanges on Wednesday morning are:

KOSPI index rose 76.05 points (4.22%) to a level of 1877.40.
Nikkei-225 index rose 166.33 points (1.86%) to a level of 9110.81.
The S & P / ASX rose 66 points (1.4%) to a level of 4100.8.


The following recommendations for the stock today:

eTrading Securities:

Jakarta Composite Index closed down yesterday returned 115 points (-3.00%) to a level of 3,735.12 amid the panic of investors responding to the negative sentiment from the U.S. beat the news release of data on the BI Rate at 6.75% level remained. The whole sector today has decreased and the total transactions amounted to 20.3 million lots, equivalent to Rp9.5 trillion.

Recorded a total of 29 shares rose, 200 stocks declined, 37 stocks unchanged and 142 shares are not traded at all. Stocks into decline in the index today anchoring al EMTK, excl, INTP, FPNI MTFN and while the stock exchange yesterday al biggest ballast BBCA, BBRI, TLKM, UNVR and ADRO. Recorded net foreign conduct amounting to Rp914 billion to sell the most shares sold is ASII, BBCA, BBRI, UNTR and ADRO.

Technically JCI is still in the selling pressure, estimated in the trade today (10 / 8) bergereak JCI would still fluctuate with the tendency still to see is still not corrected the reversal of motion signals such as stochastic and MACD indicators are still moving downtrend. It is estimated that JCI will move in the range 3568 - 3870 with stocks that can be considered al AKRA, INTA, and BBR

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Wall Street these days thanks to the Fed's Strong Darting

1 komentar

The results of the meeting the U.S. central bank (Federal Reserve) to make Wall Street back bright cheerful. The Dow Jones even sped up to nearly 4% after 2 days earlier slumped to its lowest point since the last 2 years.

The Fed at its meeting decided to keep interest rates low in the range of 0 to 0.25 extra% for the next 2 years in connection with the weakening economy. Extra-low interest rates that have been pegged since December 2008 will be maintained at least until mid-2013.

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) during the first days after the meeting, said that currently they estimate the growth at a slower rate in the next few quarters, than forecast in June. The risk of economic weakness also improved.

However, the FOMC did not mention the replacement of the program Quantitative Easing (QE2) snilai U.S. $ 600 billion, which had ended in June, although they claimed was reviewing the device to boost economic growth currently slowing.

Stocks surge occurs in the final hours of trading, the Dow Jones index had been 150 points in negative territory 45 minutes before the announcement. The market reversed course to 6-fold after the Fed statement.

"Three or four weeks, the stock market has been discounted to a mild recession," said Mohannad AAMA, managing director of Capital Management LLC, as quoted by Reuters on Wednesday (10/08/2011).

"Now after the Fed announcement, the market has started factoring in what the response from the Fed and the government in the future. There is little prospect of fiscal stimulus that aims to create jobs. FOMC's statement today is a positive for stocks," he added.

In trading Tuesday (09/08/2011), the Dow Jones industrial average shot up 429.92 points closed (3.89%) to a level of 11239.77. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 shot 53.07 points (4.74%) to a level of 1172.53 and the Nasdaq jumped 124.83 points (5.29%) to a level of 2482.52.

Banking sector stocks surged and rose from the ground up, with the KBW index rose to 6.7%. Bank of America shares jumped to 16.74% after Monday slumped to 20.3%.

On Nasdaq, shares of eBay jumped to 11.6%, Yahoo jumped 8.75% and Apple rose 5.6%.

Trade went very crowded, with transactions on the New York Stock Exchange reached 16.4 billion shares, nearly double the daily average of 7.75 billion shares.

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Dollar Dollar

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"Dolar" redirects here. For the Slovenian philosopher, see Mladen Dolar.
For other uses, see Dollar (disambiguation).
United States dollar bill

The dollar (often represented by the dollar sign $) is the name of the official currency of many countries, including Australia, Belize, Brunei, Canada, East Timor, the Eastern Caribbean territories, Ecuador, El Salvador, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Panama, Singapore, Suriname, Taiwan, and the United States.

Etymology

On the 15th of January, 1520, Count Hieronymus Schlick (Czech: Jeroným Šlik z Passounu) of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimsthaler, named for Joachimstal (modern Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), where the silver was mined.[1] (In German, thal or tal refers to a valley or dale.) "Joachimsthaler" was later shortened in common usage to taler or thaler (same pronunciation), Czech tolar and this shortened word eventually found its way into Danish and Norwegian as (rigs)daler, Swedish as (riks)daler, Dutch as (rijks)daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ talari, Italian as tallero, Flemish as daelder, Persian as Dare, and into English as dollar.[1]
[edit] Development of use

The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places. One such example, the Dutch lion dollar, circulated throughout the Middle East and was imitated in several German and Italian cities. Carried by Dutch traders, this coin was also popular in the Dutch East Indies as well as in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries. Some well-worn examples circulating in the Colonies were known as "dog dollars".[2] By the mid-18th century, the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish "pieces of eight" which were distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines.[3]

Pieces of eight (so-called because they were worth eight "reals") became known as Spanish dollars in the English-speaking world because of their similarity in size and weight to the earlier Thaler coins.
[edit] Origins of the dollar sign
Main article: Dollar sign#Origin

The dollar sign ($), an S crossed by two vertical bars, comes from the coat of arms set up by the King Ferdinand II of Aragon. The 'S' represents the motto "Non Plus Ultra" and the vertical bars symbolize the two Pillars of Hercules. This symbol (two pillars with S-shaped motto) first appeared in Spaniard 'Pieces of eight', the currency used in the American colonies of the Spanish Empire, which spread to the British colonies and would continue to be used in the United States and Canada.[citation needed]

There are also various other theories for the origin of the dollar sign. One theory, posited by the author Ayn Rand, states that the dollar sign ($) is composed of the two letters "U" and "S" superimposed and it is modern custom that the vertical bars are no longer joined at the bottom.[citation needed]
[edit] Adoption by the United States

By the American Revolution, Spanish dollars gained significance because they backed paper money authorized by the individual colonies and the Continental Congress.[3] Common in the Thirteen Colonies, Spanish dollars were even legal tender in one colony, Virginia.

On April 2, 1792, U. S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton reported to Congress the precise amount of silver found in Spanish milled dollar coins in common use in the States. As a result, the United States Dollar was defined[4] as a unit of weight equaling 371 4/16th grains (24.057 grams) of pure silver, or 416 grains of standard silver (standard silver being defined as 1,485 parts fine silver to 179 parts alloy[5]). It was specified that the "money of account" of the United States should be expressed in those same "dollars" or parts thereof. Additionally, all lesser-denomination coins were defined as percentages of the dollar coin, such that a half-dollar was to contain half as much silver as a dollar, quarter-dollars would contain one-fourth as much, and so on.

In an act passed in January 1837, the dollar's alloy (amount of non-silver metal present) was set at 11%. Subsequent coins would contain the same amount of pure silver as previously, but were reduced in overall weight (to 412.25 grains). On February 21, 1853, the quantity of silver in the lesser coins was reduced, with the effect that their denominations no longer represented their silver content relative to dollar coins.

Various acts have subsequently been passed affecting the amount and type of metal in U. S. coins, so that today there is no legal definition of the term "dollar" to be found in U. S. statute.[6][7][8] Currently the closest thing to a definition is found in United States Code Title 31, Section 5116, paragraph b, subsection 2: "The Secretary [of the Treasury] shall sell silver under conditions the Secretary considers appropriate for at least $1.292929292 a fine troy ounce."

Silver was mostly removed from U. S. coinage by 1965 and the dollar became a free-floating fiat currency without a commodity backing defined in terms of real gold or silver. The US Mint continues to make silver $1-denomination coins, but these are not intended for general circulation.
[edit] Usage in Great Britain

The word dollar had been in use in the English language as a variant for thaler for about 200 years before the founding of the United States, with many quotes in the plays of Shakespeare referring to dollars as money. Coins known as "Thistle dollars" were in use in Scotland during the 16th and 17th century,[9] and use of the English word, and perhaps even the use of the coin, may have begun at the University of St Andrews.[citation needed] This might be supported by a reference to the sum of "ten thousand dollars" in Macbeth (Act I, Scene II) (an anachronism because the real Macbeth, upon whom the play was based, lived in the 11th century).

In 1804, a British five-shilling piece, or crown, was sometimes called "dollar". It was an overstruck Spanish 8 Real coin (the famous 'piece of eight'), the original of which was known as a Spanish dollar. Large numbers of these 8-real coins were captured during the Napoleonic Wars, hence their re-use by the Bank of England. They remained in use until 1811.[10] During World War II, when the US dollar was (approximately) valued at 5 shillings, the halfcrown (2s 6d) became nicknamed a "half dollar" by US personnel in the UK.
[edit] Usage elsewhere

Chinese demand for silver in the 19th and early 20th centuries led several countries, notably the United Kingdom, United States and Japan, to mint trade dollars, which were often of slightly different weights to comparable domestic coinage. Silver dollars reaching China (whether Spanish, Trade, or other) were often stamped with Chinese characters known as "chop marks", which indicated that that particular coin had been assayed by a well-known merchant and determined genuine.
[edit] Other national currencies called "Dollar"
Australian one-dollar coin
A New Zealand one-dollar coin
One New Taiwan dollar coin

Prior to 1873, the silver dollar circulated in many parts of the world, with a value in relation to the British gold sovereign of roughly $1 = 4s 2d (21p approx). As a result of the decision of the German Empire to stop minting silver thaler coins in 1871, in the wake of the Franco-Prussian war, the worldwide price of silver began to fall.[11] This resulted in the US Coinage Act (1873) which put the United States on to a 'de facto' gold standard. Canada and Newfoundland were already on the gold standard, and the result was that the value of the dollar in North America increased in relation to silver dollars being used elsewhere, particularly Latin America and the Far East. By 1900, value of silver dollars had fallen to 50 percent of gold dollars. Following abandonment of the gold standard by Canada in 1931, the Canadian dollar began to drift away from parity with the US dollar. It returned to parity a few times, but since the end of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates that was agreed in 1944, the Canadian dollar has been floating against the US dollar. The silver dollars of Latin America and South East Asia began to diverge from each other as well during the course of the 20th century. The Straits dollar adopted a gold exchange standard in 1906 after it had been forced to rise in value against other silver dollars in the region. Hence, by 1935, when China and Hong Kong came off the silver standard, the Straits dollar was worth 2s 4d (11.5p approx) sterling, whereas the Hong Kong dollar was worth only 1s 3d sterling (6p approx).

Existing dollar units today are the Bahamian dollar, the Barbados dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Belize dollar, the Bermuda dollar, the Brunei dollar, the Canadian dollar, the East Caribbean dollar, the Guyanese dollar, the Hong Kong dollar, the New Taiwan dollar, the Singapore dollar, the Trinidad and Tobago dollar, and the United States dollar. The only ones on this list that have still retained their original parity from the days of the universal Spanish dollar are the Singapore dollar and the Brunei dollar.

The term "dollar" has also been adopted by other countries for currencies which do not share a common history with other dollars. Many of these currencies adopted the name after moving from a £sd-based to a decimalized monetary system. Examples include the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar, the Jamaican dollar, the Cayman Islands dollar, the Fiji dollar, the Namibian dollar, the Rhodesian dollar, the Zimbabwe dollar, and the Solomon Islands dollar.
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Stock dive, JCI Threatened

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Composite Stock Price Index (JCI) yesterday moved anomaly even scored a record high at the level of 4174 after winning 41 points. JCI strengthened regional bourses despite being under pressure.

In trading on Wednesday (27/07/2011), JCI dashed 41.335 points (1.00%) to a level of 4174.112. While LQ 45 Index rose 9.954 points (1.36%) to a level of 740.992.

Despite continued moving anomalies, but the decline of the world's major bourses will again be a stumbling block in Indonesia's stock market. JCI in trading Thursday (28/07/2011)

Wall Street re-record the worst day in 8 months. Weak financial reports, economic data are not good and upheaval of the U.S. debt that would not go any settlement made stocks weakened.

In trading Wednesday (27/07/2011), the Dow Jones industrial average closed down 198.75 points (1.59%) to a level of 12302.55. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 index also fell 27.05 points (2.03%) to a level of 1304.89 and the Nasdaq fell 75.17 points (2.65%) to a level of 2764.79.

Japanese stocks also directly involved experienced a sharp correction. Started trading on Thursday, the Nikkei-225 index slumped immediately below 10,000 level, namely at the level of 9927.91 after declining up 119.28 points (1.19%).

The following recommendations for the stock today:

eTrading Securities:

In trading yesterday Jakarta Composite Index rose 41 points (+1.00%) to a level of 4,174.11 by the number of transactions as many as 16 million lots and value of transactions amounting to Rp6.2 trillion. Almost all sectors of the stock in trade except strengthened consumer and infrastructure sectors.

Recorded as many as 126 stocks gain, 108 stocks declined, 95 stocks unchanged and 124 shares are not traded at all. Stocks that become the motor of the largest stock exchange yesterday al BBRI, BBNI, BMRI, ENRG and UNTR. While the largest stock exchange ballast al EARTH, ELTY, BORN, PGAS and ITMG. Recorded net foreign conduct amounting to Rp394 billion to buy shares of the most widely purchased is BBRI, BBNI, UNTR, BMRI and ADRO.

Technically, the JCI is moving again rose for two consecutive days brought the candlestick out of the upper Bollinger band on the line when the indicator has entered the overbought area for it to look out for a reversal or reversal signal for adjusting the position of JCI has been in the overbought area. In trading today (28 / 7), JCI consolidation we expect to move in 4133-4212 range, while stocks can be considered al MAPI, BBRI, and PTBA.
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Pressing the debt crisis of Wall Street Continues

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Wall Street re-record the worst day in 8 months. Weak financial reports, economic data are not good and upheaval of the U.S. debt that would not go any settlement made stocks weakened.

The debate on the question of rising U.S. debt limit before the August 2 deadline for the attention of investors. But the negative sentiment is still coupled by disappointment with the financial statements of industrial and technology sectors.

The last statement from the White House is that the government could 'lose smoke' if the debt limit was not raised until the deadline. In addition to potential U.S. debt default, the U.S. government is also facing a credit downgrade.

"The market is beginning to show real concern to the default. I do not think this will happen, but whether we are facing a decrease (ranking)? This is increasingly becoming a possibility every day," said Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at Avalon Partners was quoted as saying by Reuters on Thursday (28/07/2011).

In trading Wednesday (27/07/2011), the Dow Jones industrial average closed down 198.75 points slump (1.59%) to a level of 12302.55. The broader Standard & Poor's 500 index also fell 27.05 points (2.03%) to a level of 1304.89 and the Nasdaq fell 75.17 points (2.65%) to a level of 2764.79.

"The disappointment of the last financial statements causing people to rethink their portfolios and move some things around, especially around the technology side," said Adam Tracy, an analyst with Stifel Nicholas.

Financial stocks came under pressure from the weight of uncertainty, with Bank of America shares fell 3.2% was recorded. While stocks are sensitive to the economy such as Caterpillar also down 3.7%.

Delta Air Lines stock fell by 5.1%, after announcing its profit fell by 58% compared to the previous year.

Trade went very crowded, with transactions on the New York Stock Exchange reached 8.69 billion shares, above the daily average reached 7.47 billion shares.
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IHSG Can Translucent to 4200 Levels

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Along with the movement melajunya Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI) is increasingly confident, then until the end of 2011, the JCI is predicted to penetrate at the level of 4200.

"Capital market until the end of 2011 could reach 4200 levels," said the Economic Observer Faisal Basri, when met in the Market Outlook Q3rd 2011, The Best Thought of Commodities, at Plaza Senayan Arcadia, Jakarta, Monday (07/18/2011) night.

The cause of JCI will penetrate at the level of 4200 until the end of 2011 due to 95 levels of confidence the economy through 2015 will be expanded continuously.

The existence of the level of economic confidence was due to Indonesia's economic fundamentals are likely to be stable when compared with other emerging market countries that are unstable from either side of the economy and political conditions.

"The political situation in Indonesia, tend to be stable when compared with other Asian countries, for example, in Malaysia alone was not allowed to do demonstrations," he explained.

As reported previously, the current economy in the United States (U.S.) tend to have stable, not to mention the debate over the debt limit of As between Democrats and Republicans who until now has not it also results in nothing. In addition, the debt crisis in the European zone which is not yet stable are also a marker that the economic situation in both begara has not stabilized properly.

On the other hand, income per capita in Indonesia that reached USD3ribu, with the economic situation such as this Faisal also predicts that next year's income per capita of Indonesia's population could reach USD4000
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Still worried about debt, U.S. stocks fell

1 komentar

NEW YORK, The stock market is like a roller coaster. Just one day after the Dow Jones index posted its best performance so far this year, stock prices on Wall Street back sag in trading Wednesday (07/20/2011) local time.

Analysts said worries about the U.S. debt ceiling still haunts despite a good financial reports from Apple and several other large companies. "In situations like this, in the next few days the market seems to be experiencing tough times," says Brad Sorensen, an analyst at Charles Schwab.

Positive developments on the rise in U.S. debt ceiling to make passionate on the trade market on Tuesday (07/19/2011). The Dow Jones rose 220 ​​points which is the best day so far this year.

But investors seemed to wake up on Wednesday and found the politicians in Washington are still noisy. At least about two weeks before the government was eliminating the risk of default, trading in the stock market will continue to be depressed. The Dow Jones fell 15.51 points, or 0.1 percent, to close at 12571.91. The S & P 500 lost 0.89 points to 1325.84 and the Nasdaq slipped 12.29 points, or 0.4 percent, to 2814.23.

While shares of Apple Inc. jumped 2.7 percent after the earnings announcement than doubled last quarter. Apple's sales increased fourfold in Asia. "Typically, a good corporate performance reports and news on the business deal will make investors excited," said Sorenson.

In the spring of this report, for example, the performance of 75 percent of the companies listed in the ranks of the Standard & Poor's 500 surpassed analysts' estimates. However, concerns about debt in both the U.S. and Europe made investors more cautious.
Continue Reading...


1800 Touch Gold Price Predicted Dollar

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NEW YORK, KOMPAS.com - A number of analysts predict, the price of gold will continue to rise this year. One is Newedge USA LLC which predict gold prices will go up to touch the level of 1800 U.S. dollars per troy ounce by the end of next year.

In addition, Newedge also meproyeksikan rise in silver prices that would reach 70 U.S. dollars per troy ounce in March 2012. Newedge reasoned, the high level of demand from Asia as well as action on the entire stock of gold investors as a hedge into a number of causes.

"Gold is proving to be one means to protect wealth in hard times. Demand for gold and silver from Asia will remain high for a considerable period of time. In addition, economic trends in the West getting better," said Mike Frawley, global head of metals Newedge.

The prediction shows, the gold price will surge by 13 percent from current levels. Just a reminder, the price of gold touched a record high in history on July 19 last at the level of 1610.70 U.S. dollars per troy ounce. Meanwhile, silver prices forecast indicates, these metal prices will jump 77 percent from its closing price yesterday
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Foreign exchange market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Foreign exchange

Exchange rates
Currency band
Exchange rate
Exchange rate regime
Fixed exchange rate
Floating exchange rate
Linked exchange rate
Dollarization

Markets
Foreign exchange market
Futures exchange
Retail forex

Assets
Currency
Currency future
Non-deliverable forward
Forex swap
Currency swap
Foreign exchange option

Historical agreements
Bretton Woods Conference
Smithsonian Agreement
Plaza Accord
Louvre Accord

See also
Bureau de change / currency exchange (office)
Hard currency

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global, worldwide decentralized financial market for trading currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.[1]

The primary purpose of the foreign exchange is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business' income is in US dollars. It also supports direct speculation in the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation on the change in interest rates in two currencies.[2]

In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.

The foreign exchange market is unique because of

its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity;
its geographical dispersion;
its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday;
the variety of factors that affect exchange rates;
the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and
the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.

As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks. According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.[4]

The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows:

$1.490 trillion in spot transactions
$475 billion in outright forwards
$1.765 trillion in foreign exchange swaps
$43 billion Currency swaps
$207 billion in options and other products

Contents
[hide]

1 Market Size and liquidity
2 Market participants
2.1 Banks
2.2 Commercial companies
2.3 Central banks
2.4 Forex Fixing
2.5 Hedge funds as speculators
2.6 Investment management firms
2.7 Retail foreign exchange traders
2.8 Non-bank foreign exchange companies
2.9 Money transfer/remittance companies and bureaux de change
3 Trading characteristics
4 Determinants of FX rates
4.1 Economic factors
4.2 Political conditions
4.3 Market psychology
5 Financial instruments
5.1 Spot
5.2 Forward
5.3 Swap
5.4 Future
5.5 Option
6 Speculation
7 Risk aversion in forex
8 Further reading
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links

Market Size and liquidity
Main foreign exchange market turnover, 1988–2007, measured in billions of USD.

The foreign exchange market is the most liquid financial market in the world. Traders include large banks, central banks, institutional investors, currency speculators, corporations, governments, other financial institutions, and retail investors. The average daily turnover in the global foreign exchange and related markets is continuously growing. According to the 2010 Triennial Central Bank Survey, coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements, average daily turnover was US$3.98 trillion in April 2010 (vs $1.7 trillion in 1998).[3] Of this $3.98 trillion, $1.5 trillion was spot foreign exchange transactions and $2.5 trillion was traded in outright forwards, FX swaps and other currency derivatives.

Trading in the UK accounted for 36.7% of the total, making UK by far the most important global center for foreign exchange trading. In second and third places, respectively, trading in the USA accounted for 17.9%, and Japan accounted for 6.2%.[5]

Turnover of exchange-traded foreign exchange futures and options have grown rapidly in recent years, reaching $166 billion in April 2010 (double the turnover recorded in April 2007). Exchange-traded currency derivatives represent 4% of OTC foreign exchange turnover. FX futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts.

Most developed countries permit the trading of FX derivative products (like currency futures and options on currency futures) on their exchanges. All these developed countries already have fully convertible capital accounts. A number of emerging countries do not permit FX derivative products on their exchanges in view of controls on the capital accounts. The use of foreign exchange derivatives is growing in many emerging economies.[6] Countries such as Korea, South Africa, and India have established currency futures exchanges, despite having some controls on the capital account.
Top 10 currency traders [7]
% of overall volume, May 2011 Rank Name Market share
1 Germany Deutsche Bank 15.64%
2 United Kingdom Barclays Capital 10.75%
3 Switzerland UBS AG 10.59%
4 United States Citi 8.88%
5 United States JPMorgan 6.43%
6 United Kingdom HSBC 6.26%
7 United Kingdom Royal Bank of Scotland 6.20%
8 Switzerland Credit Suisse 4.80%
9 United States Goldman Sachs 4.13%
10 United States Morgan Stanley 3.64%

Foreign exchange trading increased by 20% between April 2007 and April 2010 and has more than doubled since 2004.[8] The increase in turnover is due to a number of factors: the growing importance of foreign exchange as an asset class, the increased trading activity of high-frequency traders, and the emergence of retail investors as an important market segment. The growth of electronic execution methods and the diverse selection of execution venues have lowered transaction costs, increased market liquidity, and attracted greater participation from many customer types. In particular, electronic trading via online portals has made it easier for retail traders to trade in the foreign exchange market. By 2010, retail trading is estimated to account for up to 10% of spot FX turnover, or $150 billion per day (see retail trading platforms).

Because foreign exchange is an OTC market where brokers/dealers negotiate directly with one another, there is no central exchange or clearing house. The biggest geographic trading center is the UK, primarily London, which according to TheCityUK estimates has increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from 34.6% in April 2007 to 36.7% in April 2010. Due to London's dominance in the market, a particular currency's quoted price is usually the London market price. For instance, when the IMF calculates the value of its SDRs every day, they use the London market prices at noon that day.
Market participants
Financial markets

Bruxelles Bourse.jpg

Public market

Exchange
Securities
Bond market

Fixed income
Corporate bond
Government bond
Municipal bond
Bond valuation
High-yield debt
Stock market

Stock
Preferred stock
Common stock
Registered share
Voting share
Stock exchange
Derivatives market

Securitization
Hybrid security
Credit derivative
Futures exchange
OTC, non organized

Spot market
Forwards
Swaps
Options
Foreign exchange

Exchange rate
Currency
Other markets

Money market
Reinsurance market
Commodity market
Real estate market
Practical trading

Participants
Clearing house
Financial regulation

Finance series
Banks and banking
Corporate finance
Personal finance
Public finance
v · d · e

Unlike a stock market, the foreign exchange market is divided into levels of access. At the top is the inter-bank market, which is made up of the largest commercial banks and securities dealers. Within the inter-bank market, spreads, which are the difference between the bid and ask prices, are razor sharp and not known to players outside the inner circle. The difference between the bid and ask prices widens (for example from 0-1 pip to 1-2 pips for a currencies such as the EUR) as you go down the levels of access. This is due to volume. If a trader can guarantee large numbers of transactions for large amounts, they can demand a smaller difference between the bid and ask price, which is referred to as a better spread. The levels of access that make up the foreign exchange market are determined by the size of the "line" (the amount of money with which they are trading). The top-tier interbank market accounts for 53% of all transactions. From there, smaller banks, followed by large multi-national corporations (which need to hedge risk and pay employees in different countries), large hedge funds, and even some of the retail FX market makers. According to Galati and Melvin, “Pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and other institutional investors have played an increasingly important role in financial markets in general, and in FX markets in particular, since the early 2000s.” (2004) In addition, he notes, “Hedge funds have grown markedly over the 2001–2004 period in terms of both number and overall size”.[9] Central banks also participate in the foreign exchange market to align currencies to their economic needs.
Banks

The interbank market caters for both the majority of commercial turnover and large amounts of speculative trading every day. Many large banks may trade billions of dollars, daily. Some of this trading is undertaken on behalf of customers, but much is conducted by proprietary desks, which are trading desks for the bank's own account. Until recently, foreign exchange brokers did large amounts of business, facilitating interbank trading and matching anonymous counterparts for large fees. Today, however, much of this business has moved on to more efficient electronic systems. The broker squawk box lets traders listen in on ongoing interbank trading and is heard in most trading rooms, but turnover is noticeably smaller than just a few years ago.[citation needed]
Commercial companies

An important part of this market comes from the financial activities of companies seeking foreign exchange to pay for goods or services. Commercial companies often trade fairly small amounts compared to those of banks or speculators, and their trades often have little short term impact on market rates. Nevertheless, trade flows are an important factor in the long-term direction of a currency's exchange rate. Some multinational companies can have an unpredictable impact when very large positions are covered due to exposures that are not widely known by other market participants.
Central banks

National central banks play an important role in the foreign exchange markets. They try to control the money supply, inflation, and/or interest rates and often have official or unofficial target rates for their currencies. They can use their often substantial foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the market. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of central bank "stabilizing speculation" is doubtful because central banks do not go bankrupt if they make large losses, like other traders would, and there is no convincing evidence that they do make a profit trading.
Forex Fixing

Forex fixing is the daily monetary exchange rate fixed by the national bank of each country. The idea is that central banks use the fixing time and exchange rate to evaluate behavior of their currency. Fixing exchange rates reflects the real value of equilibrium in the forex market. Banks, dealers and online foreign exchange traders use fixing rates as a trend indicator.

The mere expectation or rumor of central bank intervention might be enough to stabilize a currency, but aggressive intervention might be used several times each year in countries with a dirty float currency regime. Central banks do not always achieve their objectives. The combined resources of the market can easily overwhelm any central bank.[10] Several scenarios of this nature were seen in the 1992–93 ERM collapse, and in more recent times in Southeast Asia.
Hedge funds as speculators

About 70% to 90%[citation needed] of the foreign exchange transactions are speculative. In other words, the person or institution that bought or sold the currency has no plan to actually take delivery of the currency in the end; rather, they were solely speculating on the movement of that particular currency. Hedge funds have gained a reputation for aggressive currency speculation since 1996. They control billions of dollars of equity and may borrow billions more, and thus may overwhelm intervention by central banks to support almost any currency, if the economic fundamentals are in the hedge funds' favor.
Investment management firms

Investment management firms (who typically manage large accounts on behalf of customers such as pension funds and endowments) use the foreign exchange market to facilitate transactions in foreign securities. For example, an investment manager bearing an international equity portfolio needs to purchase and sell several pairs of foreign currencies to pay for foreign securities purchases.

Some investment management firms also have more speculative specialist currency overlay operations, which manage clients' currency exposures with the aim of generating profits as well as limiting risk. Whilst the number of this type of specialist firms is quite small, many have a large value of assets under management (AUM), and hence can generate large trades.
Retail foreign exchange traders

Individual Retail speculative traders constitute a growing segment of this market with the advent of retail forex platforms, both in size and importance. Currently, they participate indirectly through brokers or banks. Retail brokers, while largely controlled and regulated in the USA by the CFTC and NFA have in the past been subjected to periodic foreign exchange scams.[11][12] To deal with the issue, the NFA and CFTC began (as of 2009) imposing stricter requirements, particularly in relation to the amount of Net Capitalization required of its members. As a result many of the smaller and perhaps questionable brokers are now gone or have moved to countries outside the US. A number of the forex brokers operate from the UK under FSA regulations where forex trading using margin is part of the wider over-the-counter derivatives trading industry that includes CFDs and financial spread betting.

There are two main types of retail FX brokers offering the opportunity for speculative currency trading: brokers and dealers or market makers. Brokers serve as an agent of the customer in the broader FX market, by seeking the best price in the market for a retail order and dealing on behalf of the retail customer. They charge a commission or mark-up in addition to the price obtained in the market. Dealers or market makers, by contrast, typically act as principal in the transaction versus the retail customer, and quote a price they are willing to deal at.
Non-bank foreign exchange companies

Non-bank foreign exchange companies offer currency exchange and international payments to private individuals and companies. These are also known as foreign exchange brokers but are distinct in that they do not offer speculative trading but rather currency exchange with payments (i.e., there is usually a physical delivery of currency to a bank account).

It is estimated that in the UK, 14% of currency transfers/payments[13] are made via Foreign Exchange Companies.[14] These companies' selling point is usually that they will offer better exchange rates or cheaper payments than the customer's bank. These companies differ from Money Transfer/Remittance Companies in that they generally offer higher-value services.
Money transfer/remittance companies and bureaux de change

Money transfer companies/remittance companies perform high-volume low-value transfers generally by economic migrants back to their home country. In 2007, the Aite Group estimated that there were $369 billion of remittances (an increase of 8% on the previous year). The four largest markets (India, China, Mexico and the Philippines) receive $95 billion. The largest and best known provider is Western Union with 345,000 agents globally followed by UAE Exchange[citation needed]

Bureau de change or currency transfer companies provide low value foreign exchange services for travelers. These are typically located at airports and stations or at tourist locations and allow physical notes to be exchanged from one currency to another. They access the foreign exchange markets via banks or non bank foreign exchange companies.
Trading characteristics
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[3] Rank Currency ISO 4217 code
(Symbol) % daily share
(April 2010)
1
United States United States dollar
USD ($)
84.9%
2
European Union Euro
EUR (€)
39.1%
3
Japan Japanese yen
JPY (¥)
19.0%
4
United Kingdom Pound sterling
GBP (£)
12.9%
5
Australia Australian dollar
AUD ($)
7.6%
6
Switzerland Swiss franc
CHF (Fr)
6.4%
7
Canada Canadian dollar
CAD ($)
5.3%
8
Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar
HKD ($)
2.4%
9
Sweden Swedish krona
SEK (kr)
2.2%
10
New Zealand New Zealand dollar
NZD ($)
1.6%
11
South Korea South Korean won
KRW (₩)
1.5%
12
Singapore Singapore dollar
SGD ($)
1.4%
13
Norway Norwegian krone
NOK (kr)
1.3%
14
Mexico Mexican peso
MXN ($)
1.3%
15
India Indian rupee
INR (Indian Rupee symbol.svg)
0.9%
Other 12.2%
Total[15] 200%

There is no unified or centrally cleared market for the majority of FX trades, and there is very little cross-border regulation. Due to the over-the-counter (OTC) nature of currency markets, there are rather a number of interconnected marketplaces, where different currencies instruments are traded. This implies that there is not a single exchange rate but rather a number of different rates (prices), depending on what bank or market maker is trading, and where it is. In practice the rates are often very close, otherwise they could be exploited by arbitrageurs instantaneously. Due to London's dominance in the market, a particular currency's quoted price is usually the London market price. A joint venture of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Reuters, called Fxmarketspace opened in 2007 and aspired but failed to the role of a central market clearing mechanism.[citation needed]

The main trading center is London, but New York, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore are all important centers as well. Banks throughout the world participate. Currency trading happens continuously throughout the day; as the Asian trading session ends, the European session begins, followed by the North American session and then back to the Asian session, excluding weekends.

Fluctuations in exchange rates are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as by expectations of changes in monetary flows caused by changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth, inflation (purchasing power parity theory), interest rates (interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect), budget and trade deficits or surpluses, large cross-border M&A deals and other macroeconomic conditions. Major news is released publicly, often on scheduled dates, so many people have access to the same news at the same time. However, the large banks have an important advantage; they can see their customers' order flow.

Currencies are traded against one another. Each currency pair thus constitutes an individual trading product and is traditionally noted XXXYYY or XXX/YYY, where XXX and YYY are the ISO 4217 international three-letter code of the currencies involved. The first currency (XXX) is the base currency that is quoted relative to the second currency (YYY), called the counter currency (or quote currency). For instance, the quotation EURUSD (EUR/USD) 1.5465 is the price of the euro expressed in US dollars, meaning 1 euro = 1.5465 dollars. The market convention is to quote most exchange rates against the USD with the US dollar as the base currency (e.g. USDJPY, USDCAD, USDCHF). The exceptions are the British pound (GBP), Australian dollar (AUD), the New Zealand dollar (NZD) and the euro (EUR) where the USD is the counter currency (e.g. GBPUSD, AUDUSD, NZDUSD, EURUSD).

The factors affecting XXX will affect both XXXYYY and XXXZZZ. This causes positive currency correlation between XXXYYY and XXXZZZ.

On the spot market, according to the 2010 Triennial Survey, the most heavily traded bilateral currency pairs were:

EURUSD: 28%
USDJPY: 14%
GBPUSD (also called cable): 9%

and the US currency was involved in 84.9% of transactions, followed by the euro (39.1%), the yen (19.0%), and sterling (12.9%) (see table). Volume percentages for all individual currencies should add up to 200%, as each transaction involves two currencies.

Trading in the euro has grown considerably since the currency's creation in January 1999, and how long the foreign exchange market will remain dollar-centered is open to debate. Until recently, trading the euro versus a non-European currency ZZZ would have usually involved two trades: EURUSD and USDZZZ. The exception to this is EURJPY, which is an established traded currency pair in the interbank spot market. As the dollar's value has eroded during 2008, interest in using the euro as reference currency for prices in commodities (such as oil), as well as a larger component of foreign reserves by banks, has increased dramatically. Transactions in the currencies of commodity-producing countries, such as AUD, NZD, CAD, have also increased.
Determinants of FX rates
See also: exchange rates

The following theories explain the fluctuations in FX rates in a floating exchange rate regime (In a fixed exchange rate regime, FX rates are decided by its government):

(a) International parity conditions: Relative Purchasing Power Parity, interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect. Though to some extent the above theories provide logical explanation for the fluctuations in exchange rates, yet these theories falter as they are based on challengeable assumptions [e.g., free flow of goods, services and capital] which seldom hold true in the real world.

(b) Balance of payments model (see exchange rate): This model, however, focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. It failed to provide any explanation for continuous appreciation of dollar during 1980s and most part of 1990s in face of soaring US current account deficit.

(c) Asset market model (see exchange rate): views currencies as an important asset class for constructing investment portfolios. Assets prices are influenced mostly by people's willingness to hold the existing quantities of assets, which in turn depends on their expectations on the future worth of these assets. The asset market model of exchange rate determination states that “the exchange rate between two currencies represents the price that just balances the relative supplies of, and demand for, assets denominated in those currencies.”

None of the models developed so far succeed to explain FX rates levels and volatility in the longer time frames. For shorter time frames (less than a few days) algorithms can be devised to predict prices. It is understood from the above models that many macroeconomic factors affect the exchange rates and in the end currency prices are a result of dual forces of demand and supply. The world's currency markets can be viewed as a huge melting pot: in a large and ever-changing mix of current events, supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.

Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.
Economic factors

These include: (a)economic policy, disseminated by government agencies and central banks, (b)economic conditions, generally revealed through economic reports, and other economic indicators.

Economic policy comprises government fiscal policy (budget/spending practices) and monetary policy (the means by which a government's central bank influences the supply and "cost" of money, which is reflected by the level of interest rates).
Government budget deficits or surpluses: The market usually reacts negatively to widening government budget deficits, and positively to narrowing budget deficits. The impact is reflected in the value of a country's currency.
Balance of trade levels and trends: The trade flow between countries illustrates the demand for goods and services, which in turn indicates demand for a country's currency to conduct trade. Surpluses and deficits in trade of goods and services reflect the competitiveness of a nation's economy. For example, trade deficits may have a negative impact on a nation's currency.
Inflation levels and trends: Typically a currency will lose value if there is a high level of inflation in the country or if inflation levels are perceived to be rising. This is because inflation erodes purchasing power, thus demand, for that particular currency. However, a currency may sometimes strengthen when inflation rises because of expectations that the central bank will raise short-term interest rates to combat rising inflation.
Economic growth and health: Reports such as GDP, employment levels, retail sales, capacity utilization and others, detail the levels of a country's economic growth and health. Generally, the more healthy and robust a country's economy, the better its currency will perform, and the more demand for it there will be.
Productivity of an economy: Increasing productivity in an economy should positively influence the value of its currency. Its effects are more prominent if the increase is in the traded sector [1].

Political conditions

Internal, regional, and international political conditions and events can have a profound effect on currency markets.

All exchange rates are susceptible to political instability and anticipations about the new ruling party. Political upheaval and instability can have a negative impact on a nation's economy. For example, destabilization of coalition governments in Pakistan and Thailand can negatively affect the value of their currencies. Similarly, in a country experiencing financial difficulties, the rise of a political faction that is perceived to be fiscally responsible can have the opposite effect. Also, events in one country in a region may spur positive/negative interest in a neighboring country and, in the process, affect its currency.
Market psychology

Market psychology and trader perceptions influence the foreign exchange market in a variety of ways:

Flights to quality: Unsettling international events can lead to a "flight to quality", a type of capital flight whereby investors move their assets to a perceived "safe haven". There will be a greater demand, thus a higher price, for currencies perceived as stronger over their relatively weaker counterparts. The U.S. dollar, Swiss franc and gold have been traditional safe havens during times of political or economic uncertainty.[16]
Long-term trends: Currency markets often move in visible long-term trends. Although currencies do not have an annual growing season like physical commodities, business cycles do make themselves felt. Cycle analysis looks at longer-term price trends that may rise from economic or political trends.[17]
"Buy the rumor, sell the fact": This market truism can apply to many currency situations. It is the tendency for the price of a currency to reflect the impact of a particular action before it occurs and, when the anticipated event comes to pass, react in exactly the opposite direction. This may also be referred to as a market being "oversold" or "overbought".[18] To buy the rumor or sell the fact can also be an example of the cognitive bias known as anchoring, when investors focus too much on the relevance of outside events to currency prices.
Economic numbers: While economic numbers can certainly reflect economic policy, some reports and numbers take on a talisman-like effect: the number itself becomes important to market psychology and may have an immediate impact on short-term market moves. "What to watch" can change over time. In recent years, for example, money supply, employment, trade balance figures and inflation numbers have all taken turns in the spotlight.
Technical trading considerations: As in other markets, the accumulated price movements in a currency pair such as EUR/USD can form apparent patterns that traders may attempt to use. Many traders study price charts in order to identify such patterns.[19]

Financial instruments
Spot

A spot transaction is a two-day delivery transaction (except in the case of trades between the US Dollar, Canadian Dollar, Turkish Lira, EURO and Russian Ruble, which settle the next business day), as opposed to the futures contracts, which are usually three months. This trade represents a “direct exchange” between two currencies, has the shortest time frame, involves cash rather than a contract; and interest is not included in the agreed-upon transaction.
Forward
See also: forward contract

One way to deal with the foreign exchange risk is to engage in a forward transaction. In this transaction, money does not actually change hands until some agreed upon future date. A buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate for any date in the future, and the transaction occurs on that date, regardless of what the market rates are then. The duration of the trade can be one day, a few days, months or years. Usually the date is decided by both parties. Then the forward contract is negotiated and agreed upon by both parties.
Swap
Main article: foreign exchange swap

The most common type of forward transaction is the FX swap. In an FX swap, two parties exchange currencies for a certain length of time and agree to reverse the transaction at a later date. These are not standardized contracts and are not traded through an exchange.
Future
Main article: currency future

Futures are standardized and are usually traded on an exchange created for this purpose. The average contract length is roughly 3 months. Futures contracts are usually inclusive of any interest amounts.
Option
Main article: foreign exchange option

A foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option) is a derivative where the owner has the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. The FX options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind in the world.
Speculation

Controversy about currency speculators and their effect on currency devaluations and national economies recurs regularly. Nevertheless, economists including Milton Friedman have argued that speculators ultimately are a stabilizing influence on the market and perform the important function of providing a market for hedgers and transferring risk from those people who don't wish to bear it, to those who do.[20] Other economists such as Joseph Stiglitz consider this argument to be based more on politics and a free market philosophy than on economics.[21]

Large hedge funds and other well capitalized "position traders" are the main professional speculators. According to some economists, individual traders could act as "noise traders" and have a more destabilizing role than larger and better informed actors.[22]

Currency speculation is considered a highly suspect activity in many countries.[where?] While investment in traditional financial instruments like bonds or stocks often is considered to contribute positively to economic growth by providing capital, currency speculation does not; according to this view, it is simply gambling that often interferes with economic policy. For example, in 1992, currency speculation forced the Central Bank of Sweden to raise interest rates for a few days to 500% per annum, and later to devalue the krona.[23] Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad is one well known proponent of this view. He blamed the devaluation of the Malaysian ringgit in 1997 on George Soros and other speculators.

Gregory J. Millman reports on an opposing view, comparing speculators to "vigilantes" who simply help "enforce" international agreements and anticipate the effects of basic economic "laws" in order to profit.[24]

In this view, countries may develop unsustainable financial bubbles or otherwise mishandle their national economies, and foreign exchange speculators made the inevitable collapse happen sooner. A relatively quick collapse might even be preferable to continued economic mishandling, followed by an eventual, larger, collapse. Mahathir Mohamad and other critics of speculation are viewed as trying to deflect the blame from themselves for having caused the unsustainable economic conditions.
Risk aversion in forex
See also: Safe-haven currency
Fig.1 Chart showing MSCI World Index of Equities fell while the US Dollar Index rose.

Risk aversion in the forex is a kind of trading behavior exhibited by the foreign exchange market when a potentially adverse event happens which may affect market conditions. This behavior is caused when risk averse traders liquidate their positions in risky assets and shift the funds to less risky assets due to uncertainty.[25]

In the context of the forex market, traders liquidate their positions in various currencies to take up positions in safe-haven currencies, such as the US Dollar.[26] Sometimes, the choice of a safe haven currency is more of a choice based on prevailing sentiments rather than one of economic statistics. An example would be the Financial Crisis of 2008. The value of equities across world fell while the US Dollar strengthened (see Fig.1). This happened despite the strong focus of the crisis in the USA.[27]
Further reading

The National Futures Association (2010). Trading in the Retail Off-Exchange Foreign Currency Market. Chicago, Illinois.


See also

Balance of trade
Bretton Woods system
Currency codes
Currency pair
Currency strength
Foreign currency mortgage



Foreign exchange autotrading
Foreign exchange controls
Foreign exchange hedge
Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign exchange scam
Foreign exchange swap



Money market
Nonfarm payrolls
Special Drawing Rights
Tobin Tax
World currency






Notes
References

^ The Economist – Guide to the Financial Markets (pdf)
^ Global imbalances and destabilizing speculation (2007), UNCTAD Trade and development report 2007 (Chapter 1B).
^ a b c 2010 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank for International Settlements.
^ "What is Foreign Exchange?". Published by the International Business Times AU. Retrieved: February 11, 2011.
^ BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey, published in September 2010.
^ "Derivatives in emerging markets", the Bank for International Settlements, December 13, 2010
^ Source: Euromoney FX survey FX survey 2011: The Euromoney FX survey is the largest global poll of foreign exchange service providers.'
^ "The $4 trillion question: what explains FX growth since the 2007 survey?, the Bank for International Settlements, December 13, 2010
^ Gabriele Galati, Michael Melvin (December 2004). "Why has FX trading surged? Explaining the 2004 triennial survey". Bank for International Settlements.
^ Alan Greenspan, The Roots of the Mortgage Crisis: Bubbles cannot be safely defused by monetary policy before the speculative fever breaks on its own. , the Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2007
^ McKay, Peter A. (2005-07-26). "Scammers Operating on Periphery Of CFTC's Domain Lure Little Guy With Fantastic Promises of Profits". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones and Company). Retrieved 2007-10-31.
^ Egan, Jack (2005-06-19). "Check the Currency Risk. Then Multiply by 100". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
^ The Sunday Times (UK), 16 July 2006
^ The 5 largest in the UK are Travelex, Moneycorp, HiFX, World First and Currencies Direct
^ The total sum is 200% because each currency trade always involves a currency pair.
^ Safe haven currency
^ John J. Murphy, Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets (New York Institute of Finance, 1999), pp. 343–375.
^ Investopedia
^ Sam Y. Cross, All About the Foreign Exchange Market in the United States, Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1998), chapter 11, pp. 113–115.
^ Michael A. S. Guth, "Profitable Destabilizing Speculation," Chapter 1 in Michael A. S. Guth, Speculative behavior and the operation of competitive markets under uncertainty, Avebury Ashgate Publishing, Aldorshot, England (1994), ISBN 1856289850.
^ What I Learned at the World Economic Crisis Joseph Stiglitz, The New Republic, April 17, 2000, reprinted at GlobalPolicy.org
^ Summers LH and Summers VP (1989) 'When financial markets work too well: a Cautious case for a securities transaction tax' Journal of financial services
^ But Don't Rush Out to Buy Kronor: Sweden's 500% Gamble - International Herald Tribune
^ Gregory J. Millman, Around the World on a Trillion Dollars a Day, Bantam Press, New York, 1995.
^ "Risk Averse". Investopedia. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
^ "Global markets-US stocks rebound, dollar gains on risk aversion". Reuters. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
^ Stewart, Heather (2008-04-09). "IMF says US crisis is 'largest financial shock since Great Depression'". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-02-27.


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